Xylitol

Pectin (E440) is a heterogeneous grouping of acidic structural polysaccharides, found in fruit and vegetables.Commercial extraction causes extensive degradation of the neutral sugar-containing sidechains.Pectin is a structural heteropolysaccharide contained in the primary cell walls of terrestrial plants.During ripening, pectin is broken down by the enzymes pectinase and pectinesterase; in this process the fruit becomes softer as the middle lamella breaks down and cells become separated from each other.

A natural gelling agent found in ripe fruit. Pectin is an important ingredient in making jams and jellies. The levels of pectin vary from fruit to fruit.It is possible to buy pectin as a liquid extract or in powdered form. On ready-made jams and jellies it’s labelled as E440.

Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste and appearance.With the advent of processed foods in the second half of the 20th century, many more additives have been introduced, of both natural and artificial origin.

Thickening agents, or thickeners, is the term applied to substances which increase the viscosity of a solution or liquid/solid mixture without substantially modifying its other properties;Food thickeners frequently are based on either polysaccharides.One example is sodium pyrophosphate, which acts on casein in milk during the preparation of instant pudding.

Food additives can be divided into several groups, although there is some overlap between them.Food acids are added to make flavors "sharper", and also act as preservatives and antioxidants. Common food acids include vinegar, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, and lactic acid.

Others thickeners: Carboxy Methyl Cellulose(CMC)     Guar Gum     Konjac Gum